The Unauthorized History of the American Century

Video Transcript:

you you you you you you the way to go on this I think is to to make some diagrams and draw lines between all these things that connect I think that will help a lot you the rejection of the 1946 baroque plan led to the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 the act merged the Department of War renamed as the Department of the Army and the Department of the Navy into the national military establishment headed by the Secretary of Defense the act also created the Department of the Air Force and the US Air Force which separated the Air Force away from the Army into its own service it also protected the Marine Corps as an independent service under the Department of the Navy the act also officially created the Joint Chiefs of Staff the uniformed heads of each armed service that had been operating unofficially during the Second World War aside from the military reorganization the act established the National Security Council a central place of coordination for national security policy in the executive branch and the central intelligence agency the US's first peacetime intelligence agency the signing of the National Security Act by President Truman wasn't the only significant event of 1947 1947 marked the start of a cold war the term cold war was first coined by Bernard Baruch it is no coincidence that the man behind the 1946 Baruch plan which was rejected by Stalin was also the first to coin the term before World War I it was said that Baruch was worth a million dollars or more after World War I was over his wealth was an estimated 200 million dollars in 1916 Baruch left Wall Street and was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson whose presidential campaign he financed to the advisory commission of the Council of National Defense and during World War I he became chairman of the war industry's board the US's economic mobilization and war orders were under the control of Baruch there is no doubt that Baruch exploited his vantage point and access to insider information for his own personal gain as World War I progressed Britain and France placed more and more war orders with the United States the orders became so big that the financial commitment became to borrow a phrase from the future too big to fail due to his position as chairman of the war industry's board Baruch would have been well aware of this situation Theodore Roosevelt accused Wilson of quote sitting idle uttering cheap platitudes and picking up European trade whilst they had poured out their blood like water in supportive ideals in which with all their hearts and souls they believe unquote this financial situation presented to President Wilson changed his perspective on entering World War I his previous position was the stay out of the war entirely he famously preferred a quote peace without victory unquote the US entry would secure an allied victory and secure the survival of a severely weakened France and declining British Empire both with a huge debt to pay back to the United States giving the United States a clear path to becoming the world's prominent superpower Marraka emerges over the course of the early 20th century as by far the dominant economy in the world system the moment in fact is 1916 when the output of the continental United States measured in purchasing power parity adjusted gross domestic product in other words inflation adjusted gross domestic product overtook that of the British Empire it becomes in terms of throw weight the single most potent force in the global economy as a nation state compared to all of the empires of the world the United States becomes the dominant force what makes America's 20th century history of global power different is that in the course of the early 20th century America transitions from corralling the scrap territories of other people's disbandled empires into becoming the single power which by itself attempts to balance all of the other players in the global system so to paraphrase this image this is the significant transition when America is not playing power politics with Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Philippines but with Germany, France, Britain, Japan, Russia and China and that we can be quite precise about the moment at which that happens which is 1916 why 1916 while compare and contrast the situation in 1916 with that in 1914 take Chris Clark's brilliant book sleepwalkers on the outbreak of World War I I don't think the United States merits a sentence perhaps certainly not a paragraph in that account the United States is not a player in the outbreak of World War I it's a European affair in 1916 we see the first American election in which every power around the world is anxiously monitoring the American polls why because it's clear that America is the underpinning of the unallied more properly the ontant war effort and the decision of the American electorate as to which candidate they elect will decide the position of the United States in relation to the European war and that in turn will have decided ramifications both for the fate of East Asia and for the European balance of power 1916 is the moment where this occurs and the outcome from the point of view of the Europeans is extraordinarily dismaying because they encounter in the candidate who wins Woodrow Wilson the American statesman who first and perhaps most catastrophically attempts to defy gravity what Woodrow Wilson attempts to do is to keep the United States out of the war all the better to discipline and subordinate the warring parties of Europe and Asia to on the basis of the ruins of the legitimacy of their political systems if the war can be ended with peace without victory to erect American hegemony and to place America in a position of dominance even over the most powerful militarist imperialist states of the world in 1919 Baruch was a member of the Supreme Economic Council at the Versailles Peace Conference and was also a personal adviser to President Wilson on the disastrous terms of peace that would be a major contributing factor to the start of World War II now settled with their newly acquired huge debts the British and the French sent their delegations to the Versailles Peace Conference to lobby for enormous reparations and further punishment for the defeated countries and then at Versailles in 1919 whose anniversary we are commemorating this year in an effort to create a peace without victors in retrospect on the basis of a war which the British and the French with American assistance had actually won he crafted peace unsatisfactory to the Germans unsatisfactory to the British and the French and it turns out unsatisfactory to the American Congress which in the Congress fight over the late summer of 1919 refuses to ratify the peace treaty which the first American president to travel to Europe to broker international politics has himself committed himself to it's a disastrous shattering deligitimation of the American executive branch of American international authority and of the League of Nations institutions which will draw Wilson has given his name too if any at any moment American power came crashing down to earth it was surely it was surely this moment with devastating consequences for the stability of European politics the dollars at Premacy was established after World War One by America's creditor position. Every something very novel happened after World War One in every previous war for instance the Napoleonic Wars and the earlier wars England had been involved with the Allies had forgiven all of their mutual debts at the end of the war there was something that the British called shared sacrifice and the idea was okay we're going to have a clean slate after the war by the way this goes all the way back to Babylonians in the second millennium DC throughout history all the there've been a debt cancellation there was no carryover of debts or debts after the victory was achieved because the idea was it if you leave war debts in place that's going to bang up the war that's going to bankrupt the Allies that you had during the war and it's also going to bankrupt the defeated countries and leave them no choice except to fight back the laws of homerabi showed this his whole dynasty showed this my my book on forgive them their debts is a whole history of debt cancellations and this practice but the United States broke this practice after World War One and said the the debts have to be paid the amazing thing is that Europe went along with it and the reason was it had a pro creditor ideology it believed in the sanctity of debts and was not going to question that because there was a guiding assumption which is erroneous that all debts somehow can be paid if only countries will either devalue or transform their economy or as it turned out imposed those debts austerity well canes had a long debate with the anti-Germans with shock roof of France and with the Americans and Swedish polling for te loin and he said there's no way that a debtor countries like the Allies or Germany can pay their debts to the creditor and less the creditor is willing to buy their exports to provide them with the foreign exchange to pay that date that debate obviously he won in reality but that his that assumption was rejected by the United States and that assumption continues to be rejected by the international monetary fund today the junk economics it was brought in after World War One to consolidate the American position to say of course you can pay simply destroy your economy and let us take the money and we'll take you over and sell all of your industry and raw materials to us and that will enable you to pay this was the American demand and as the creditor demands have always been essentially you have to be willing are you willing to destroy your economy in order to pay your debts and he said this was crazy and he was right but Europe went along with it and said yes we are willing to destroy our economy we are willing to have World War Two because rather than question the assumption that all the debts have to be paid so what Keynes pointed out was that there was a distinction between the transfer the budget problem in other words taxing the economy to raise a surplus in German marks are pretty sterling and the transfer problem the ability to pay well what happened was that the ally said well if America is going to insist that we pay we're not going to wreck our economies we're going to make Germany pay reparations and as you all know that result was to bankrupt Germany cause a high perinflation there that was only solved by Germany essentially borrowing the money from the United States German municipalities would borrow the money in dollars for local spending use the dollars to turn over to the right spot to pay the bank of England and the bank of France to pay their dollar debts to the United States and that was a circular flow it could only be kept down by the Federal Reserve making interest rates very low here in the United States to promote a outflow of foreign investment but those low interest rates also created a stock market boom that crashed in the end the inter ally debts had to be canceled had to be have a moratorium along with German reparations and the system broke down there was an attempt to reconstruct the economy it's a London economic conference 1933 but Roseville scuttled that and said you know we're going to go it alone and ever said he said the basic principle of American foreign policy is no other country can tell us what to do we can tell other countries what to do but they cannot tell us what to do and we will not join any agreement in which we don't have a veto power that gives us essentially control of the world bank the international monetary fund or the veto power in the United Nations and any international organization that the United States will join well in 1944 1945 America made plans for the post-war economy and it said well in order to have full employment in the United States we have to have an export based industry and now that we've destroyed Germany and Japan our major enemy is the United Kingdom and it was very clear that America's enemy immediately on the ending of World War II was not Russia not the Soviet Union but England and that developed a strategy that was designed to essentially bankrupt England with a British loan to force England to accept to end imperial preference to break up its empire to make it to free the about 10 billion pounds of sterling for spending not in England as block currency is the British board of created expected but to spend it in the United States so England was stripped of all of the block currency stripped of the currency area stripped of the empire that became absorbed into the dollar area and in fact the arrangements were so one sided that America created in 1945 that by 1950 it actually had drawn another five billion dollars worth of monetary gold into the United States out of Europe there was a refugee flight of gold in the 1930s was followed by a post-war flight out of Europe as they said Europe is America's strategy is the bankrupt Europe it's going to win let's move our money into the United States under baruch's leadership the military was furnished with equipment from what developed into the private defense industry this informal alliance is known today as the military industrial complex with the development of a powerful defense industry came a new entity driven by business and profit where demand is created by conflict wars and the hyping of national security threats with the defeat of the axis powers installance rejection of the baruch plan that involved a plan to develop a world military a new justification was needed to keep the military industrial complexes wheels turning well in 1944 1945 America made plans for the post-war economy and it said well in order to have full employment in the United States we have to have an export based industry and we have to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a new system to have a but but, on un-American activities began to summon certain Hollywood film industry figures on the suspicion of their works being communist inspired. As the media began extensively covering these hearings, 10 of these Hollywood film industry figures began to be dubbed the quote Hollywood 10, unquote. For the duration of the hearings, the 10 refused to cooperate, maintaining a position that the questioning violated their rights under the Constitution. Due to their lack of cooperation, the Congress voted to approve contempt citations. All were sentenced in 1950 to serve time in prison for up to a year, fined $1,000 and blacklisted from Hollywood. The committee never claimed to find evidence of communist propaganda in any American movies. Throughout the war years and into the 1950s, the movies stayed overwhelmingly pro-American and anti-communist. The facts are that patriotic themes have always been Hollywood's bread and butter, not because Hollywood necessarily believes in the ideals, but because such themes were highly profitable. Ironically, from the onset of Hollywood, the movie moguls were intent on creating and marketing the American dream that they could sell to a largely anglophone audience, completely unaware that they were being sold this vision from an almost exclusively Jewish conglomerate. This is one of the reasons why many of the figures associated with the Hollywood film industry changed their names to conceal their Jewish identity. This is verified by Jill Sherry Robinson, the daughter of Dor Sherry, the MGM production head and chairman of Benebrieth's Anti-Defamation League. In the book Hollywood's Chosen People, the Jewish Experience in American Cinema, by Daniel Bernardi, Jill Sherry Robinson is quoted as saying the following, quote, the American dream is a Jewish idea. It's Jewish revenge on America because it combines the puretune ethic with Baroque magnificence. The happy ending was the invention of Russian Jews designed to drive Americans crazy, unquote. This high profile event resulting in the Hollywood Blacklist, not only set precedence in condition the public that communism was the new enemy of the newly established national security establishment. It also sent a clear message to Hollywood that they were a target for absorption into the military industrial complex apparatus. Don Baroque was the brother of Bernard Baroque. In the 1930s, Don produced four off-Broadway plays and then worked in LA for Hal Road Studios and MGM in later Paramount in New York. During World War II, his brother Bernard served as the special advisor to the director of the office of war mobilization. His offices at the time were at 120 Broadway. Meanwhile, Don served in Washington producing training videos for the Armed Forces. He continued working in this office until the formation of the Department of Defense in 1949, at which point until his retirement in 1989, Don served as the motion picture production branch chief and its various iterations under the office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs, OASDPA. With the establishment of the Department of Defense in 1949, the responsibility for approving military assistance to films and overseeing the process with them came under the direction of Don Baroque's new office. In the parlance of the DOD, the assistance given is referred to as cooperation. Baroque and the staff in the office acted as intermediaries between the film industry and the armed services, Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Reserves, and National Guards. Over the course of Don's 40-year career with the Pentagon, he was involved with hundreds of projects, including from here to eternity, the Cain Mutiny, the longest day, in harm's way, the Green Berets, Patton, the right stuff, and Top Gun. Interestingly, both Donald and Bernard Baroque were connected to other figures in the anti-communist movement. One of the key figures that linked both of the Baroque brothers was Morrie Riskin. During the 1930s, both men worked for many of the same studios when Donald was a film producer and Morrie was a screenwriter. According to Norman L. Marx of the American Jewish League against Communism, the principal financial contributor to the AJ LAC was Mr. Bernard Baroque, contributing about 85 or 90 percent of the funds. Mr. Marx also stated that Baroque was very emphatic about not having his name appear on the letterhead and that his financing of the group was to be kept secret. Riskin, along with Walt Disney, Ronald Reagan, Iron Rand, and John Wayne, were all members of the motion picture alliance for the preservation of American ideals. Walt Disney was a founder and also served as the first VP of MPAPI. It is important to note that some of the reasons why filmmakers moved out west to Hollywood was to escape regulations, taxes, and union labor costs. In the 1930s, a rise of labor unions took place in Hollywood in response to the Great Depression and subsequent mistreatment of employees by studios. Throughout the 1940s, a major wave of strikes took place across the United States. This included the Disney animators strike in 1941. As a famously autocratic employer, Walt Disney responded to the five-week strike by firing many of his animators, but was eventually pressured into recognizing the screen cartoonist guild, SCG. Still bitter from this outcome, Disney joined together with his fellow movie mobile members of the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers and Motion Picture Association of America and loyal established Hollywood stars to form the Motion Picture Alliance for the preservation of American ideals. This organization provided many of the, quote-unquote friendly witnesses to the Hugh Ack hearings, framing any resistance to these autocratic practices as quote-unquote un-American and quote-unquote commies. In 1941, Walt Disney's problems were piling up. Besides the animator strike, Disney's third animated film Fantasia was a flop and ended up nearly bankrupting the studio. The studio's previous film, Pinocchio, had also lost money and growing discontent among animators added to Disney's woes. But the bombing of Pearl Harbor would offer Disney a lifeline. On December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor was bombed and America found itself a war. On the same day, Walt received a phone call at home, letting him know that the United States Army was moving onto a studio lot. The US government, recognizing the value of the studio's emotive visual storytelling techniques, contracted Disney to produce 32 animated shorts. The commission films were a mix of education and propaganda, and it was the latter to which the full weight of the creative studio of animators, artists, directors, and writers would be employed. They took animation beyond pure entertainment, using it as a medium to influence and persuade. The integration of the military went so far as drafting artists to do their military service at Disney Studio due to the amount of work that needed to be completed. At the time, around one third of Disney's workforce were drafted participants. During the war, production at the studio increased from an average of 3,000 feet of completed film per year to 300,000. The studio was operating six days a week plus two nights of overtime. This was huge business that changed Disney's outlook completely. With the new client with deep pockets like the US government, Disney saw his relationship with the government and military as the most important. Understanding the studio's role as a mouthpiece for government talking points were good for business. This relationship also helped redefine his public image from an autocratic to a patriotic leader to the masses. Disney also obtained the power to cement his dominance, not only in the industry but in the studio, as well as the ability to go after his critics in the workers' rights movement, under the guise of fighting, quote unquote, commies, and making inroads with political powers. Disney also had a vested interest in the promotion of the threat of communism, knowing the Cold War would lead to more government-contracted work. Here to introduce you to this new series is Walt Disney. In our modern world, everywhere we look, we see the influence science has on our daily lives. It is now X minus two hours. Man's oldest breed, the desire for space travel. We'll be a rocket, a power chip that will finally take that into space, the cunning quest of space. A border rocket, a cell phone, a computer, a device, a brain, nervous system, for the rocket. Now, men will bet his life, the unknown blind danger, the space travel. Now, coasting freely inside of the lead through space. On hot-hot, we expire only for a subtle decrease in the pressure, the sensation of witness, 22 hours after takeoff for the first time, it is now time to make a line back to earth. After coasting, halfway around the world, the rocket will leave the vacuum of space, and it will be able to fly the rocket as a normal way to test the outcome. While it continues the wrong way down into the low atmosphere, man has taken his first great-strized power in the cunning quest of space and complete it. According to Mark Elliott's biography, Walt Disney, Hollywood's Dark Prince, backed by government documents. Disney was a long-term FBI informant and was in contact with Jay Edgar Hoover from at least 1936. Because of information, Disney provided the bureau. He was made a, quote, full special agent in charge contact, unquote, in 1954. An SAC contact was usually a trusted former who could provide transportation and equipment as well as public relation services to the bureau. Disney was not the only important informer in Hollywood. While president of the Screen Actors Guild in 1947, Ronald Reagan was designated, quote, source T10, unquote, by the FBI, meaning he was a confidential source with the code name T10. Elliott's biography also highlights Disney's right-wing politics, including his support for Barry Goldwater, and referring to Charlie Chaplin as a little commie. Wayne was a Hollywood-created American hero icon due to his starring roles in popular westerns and war movies. This image would be useful not only at the box office, but for propaganda purposes as well. Wayne's membership in Disney's motion picture alliance for the preservation of American ideals helped Disney emphasize his desired pro-America image to disguise his personal agenda of opposing workers' rights that opposed his autocratic business practices. Using popular culture figures to highlight and exaggerate communist influence in Hollywood, and associating it with workers' rights groups re-emphasized John Wayne's patriotic image that had been reinvigorated in a militaristic fashion. Between 1940 and 1945, as World War II raged on, John Wayne starred in seven war movies. Ironically, in 2015 biopic film Trumbo, on the topic of the Hugh Ack hearings in Hollywood Blacklist, it depicted a real-life confrontation where Trumbo questions John Wayne's patriotism by questioning his lack of military service. If you're going to talk about World War II as if you personally want it, let's be clear where you were stationed. On a film set, shooting blanks, wearing makeup, and if you're going to hit me, I would like to take off my glasses. Come on, get out of here. A subject of interest that surrounds John Wayne to this day is his relationship with the armed forces. Not only due to Wayne's lack of military service that has been questioned more than once. Despite being registered for service during World War II, Wayne received a 3A deferment for quote, family dependency unquote. This however all distracts away from the information that Wayne received a personal quote unquote thank you in regards to Wayne's application to join the OSS and acceptance letter into the service from Wild Bill Donovan. The letter mentions Wayne as being part of the quote, field photographic unit unquote, of the Office of Strategic Services. This letter was intercepted by Wayne's estranged ex-wife who didn't pass it on to Wayne, and the revelations were only publicly revealed at a much later date. The extent of Wayne's work and what exactly Wayne's work involved is still in question. Wayne did tour US bases and hospitals in the Pacific for three months in 1943 and 1944. During this trip, he carried out a request from Donovan to assess whether General MacArthur, commander of the Southwest Pacific area, or his staff, were hindering the work of the OSS. Donovan later issued Wayne in OSS Certificate of Service to memorialize Wayne's contribution to the OSS mission. Along with these revelations and considering Wayne's role in many World War II movies, it increasingly looks like Wayne was the go-to man for war-related propaganda films. When talking about his deferrals in World War II, Wayne is quoted as saying quote, I thought I could do more for the war effort by staying in Hollywood. Unquote. This only adds fuel to the fire. Another connection to the OSS comes via the filmmaker John Ford, who gained notoriety for his western films with John Wayne. Ford was the head of the OSS's field photographic unit, the same unit Wayne was a part of. During the war, the OSS greatly assisted Ford in the creation of the films Battle of Midway and December 7. Both films would go on to win Oscars for best documentary. Amazingly, the OSS's assistance included a secret operation to get Ford to Midway to document the battle. On top of this information, there are links between Wayne and Don Baruch's motion picture production branch at the DOD. As the Vietnam War continued, it became increasingly unpopular with the general public and selling a pro-war narrative became increasingly difficult. It also became very hard for the Pentagon to convince filmmakers to pursue that direction due to the uncertainty of a pro-Vietnam war film's popularity and profitability. Regardless, Wayne directed the Green Barays 1968, the major pro-Vietnam war film made during the war with cooperation with Baruch's office. It was during the 1960s that the DOD film Liaison Office's activity first peaked. The main assistance criteria were elaborated. The Pentagon's policy towards cooperation with filmmakers was outlined and the quote-unquote rules of the game were established. The office's representatives even moved to Los Angeles to be closer to Hollywood in an effort to ensure the positive image of the armed forces. In 1934, Ford was commissioned as a lieutenant commander in the US Naval Reserve. Six years later in 1940, he began gathering a reserve unit of experienced Hollywood filmmakers for his unofficial Naval Reserve Unit that would become to be known as, quote-unquote John Ford's Navy. His recruits for the Naval Field Photographic Unit, known simply as Field Photographic, were some of the best talents in Hollywood. They included writer Garcin Canaan and Bud Schulberg. Cinematographer Greg Tolin, editor Robert Parrish, and special effects expert Ray Kellogg. In October 1941, the unit was transferred to the Office of the Coordinator of Information, COI, the predecessor of the OSS by Colonel Wildbill Donovan. Ford and 30 of the men from the Reserve Unit became the official Field Photographic Division of the COI and the unit was assigned an operating budget of $5 million for its first year. The name of the unit was later changed to the OSS Field Photographic Branch. Ford's initial job was to produce documentary films. The unit's charter was later expanded. They created OSS training films and documented OSS activities in the field. Some of the activities documented included OSS Detachment 101, the paramilitary unit that operated behind Japanese lines and the landing in Normandy in June 1944. Ford was discharged with the rank of captain and later continued to his services a rear admiral during the Korean War. Ford received a purple heart after recommendation from Wildbill Donovan. What happened to the OSS Field Photographic Unit once the OSS ceased a function? We can assume the unit was absorbed by the motion picture production branch of the Department of Defense operated under Donald Baruch as the pictorial branch. There is also a connection between John Ford and Donald Baruch worth mentioning. Ford received first priority from the Department of Defense, a DOD, to film a story about Commander Frank Wilbur Spigweed months ahead of an attempt by Warner Brothers Pictures Distributing Corporation. Priority permission to Ford was granted by Donald Baruch, Chief Motion Picture Section, pictorial branch, DOD. The motivation for the QAC investigations and Hollywood Blacklist was also likely linked to MGM's financial troubles post-World War II. The post-war years saw decline in profits from MGM and the other studios. The number of high-grossing films in 1947, Dwindled to 6, compared to 22 a year earlier. This resulted in the company making a loss for the first time in their history. The Hollywood Blacklist would be a useful tool for the established studios. It provided the opportunity to Blacklist competitors and talents not under contract to the big studios, who would potentially be a threat to the company's bottom line. On the other hand, the studio could Blacklist contract a talent whose contracts they no longer desire to honor in these financially strained times. Mayor was pressured to tighten expenses by the studio's parent company, although Mayor's reputation as a quote-unquote big picture man would make that difficult. So, the Blacklist would be a win-win for Mayor and MGM. In order to understand Mayor's power in Hollywood, it is important to note that Mayor helped create what is termed the Hollywood quote-unquote star system. At one point he explained the process he went through in creating a star. The idea of a star being born is Bushwa, a star is made, created, carefully and cold-bloodedly built up from nothing, from nobody. All I ever looked for was a face. If someone looked good to me, I'd have him tested. If a person looked good on film, if he photographed well, we could do the rest. From this we can assume that Hollywood stars were well aware that they were creations of studios and the power Mayor possessed. One example of this power is an encounter with a disgruntled Mickey Rooney who refused a request of Mayor regarding his public behavior. In response, Mayor grabbed Rooney by his lapels and said, quote, listen to me, I don't care what you do in private, just don't do it in public. In public behave, your fans expect it, your Andy Hardy, your the United States, your the stars and stripes, behave yourself, your symbol, unquote, Mickey nodded. Quote, I'll be good, Mr. Mayor, I promise you that, unquote. Mayor let go of his lapels. All right, he said. Mayor's controlling behavior wasn't the only abuse of power he exercised. According to Judy Garland, Mayor molested her when she was a child star working for MGM. Well, we haven't had that problem in our studio. I heard Mr. Warner testify this morning. He says he's had it, but I can't say that I've had it. Lannister did say that it's impossible for them to get material into the pictures because you have a number of readers and other individuals that are considered and that are always checking on it, that you yourself recently observed some information that might be, although one of the circumstances of the writer it obviously wasn't. Now, what I would like to determine from you is what do you think will happen in a period of five or ten or fifteen years if these individuals keep on in filtering one, two, or three, or four and at that time we maybe won't have individuals that can keep this information out of the pictures. I'm just hopeful like I told you, Mr. Smith in California that perhaps out of this hearing our Congress recommending by this committee will have legislation that can be no question to give us a policy how to handle American citizens who don't deserve to be if they are communist to get them out of our place. And to seek to destroy this free American government that has afforded them their opportunity and has given them a place in the sun and positions of power and affluence. My own opinion is Mr. Congress now so expressed many times in discussion. I think they're correct. It can't be otherwise. Amazingly, Louis B. Mayer's appearance is a friendly witness at the Huac hearings. Wasn't his earliest connection to Huac. An earlier iteration of Huac headed by Congressman Samuel Dickstein focused on Nazi-related un-American activity from 1933 and conditioned the public that Germany was their new enemy and any favorable sentiments toward Germany were quote unquote un-American. Mayer along with fellow MGM executive Irving Thalberg, grabbed by Edgar Magnen, Warner Brothers Jack Warner, Columbia Studio Sam Briskin, Paramounts Emanuel Cohen, an RKO production executive, Pandro Berman, and other prominent producers and directors formed the Los Angeles Jewish Community Committee, L.A. JCC. The group financed the private investigations into local Nazi groups and their activities. The man who headed these private investigations using a network of spies was Leon Lewis who raised a substantial sum equivalent to $400,000 from the L.A. JCC sought financial support from the U.S. government as well, which was granted by Congressman Dickstein, who also appointed Lewis as the West Coast Council to the Huac Committee. Lewis fed information acquired by his mysterious spy network to Dickstein's committee, prepared a list of witnesses from the committee's field visit to Los Angeles, and even drafted the questions the committee used to interrogate witnesses. L.A. JCC's man had significant power and management of these Huac proceedings. Congressman Dickstein, however, alienated his fellow Democratic Party members with the sensationalist exaggerations and misrepresentation of evidence as well as his brow beating questioning techniques and was eventually removed from the committee. The L.A. JCC financed investigations and findings were not mentioned or included in the committee's final report in 1935 and have never been made public. It was later discovered that Congressman Dickstein was paid $1,250 a month from 1937 to early 1940 by the NKVD, the U.S. Allied Soviet spy agency which hoped to get secret congressional information on anti-communist and pro-fascist forces. Interestingly, two of the Hollywood moguls that spearheaded the financing of Leon Lewis's private investigations, Lewis B. Mayer and Jack L. Warner went on to testify before Huac as friendly witnesses in regards to communist infiltration of Hollywood. Not only that, both were proponents of the Hollywood Blacklist that was a result of the closed-door meeting that they attended at the Waldorf Astoria following the conclusion of the Huac hearings. Jack L. Warner produced confessions of a Nazi spy, the first blatantly anti-Nazi film to be produced by a major Hollywood studio, a film no doubt inspired by the L.A. JCC financed private investigations. The film was made by the Hollywood This isn't the earliest link between this group of men in propaganda. As early as 1916, Lewis B. Mayer had full charge of national association of the motion picture industries, NAMPI, New England War Campaign, and told Boston Theatre owners that motion pictures were, quote, the great intermediary between the public and the government of Washington, unquote. Wide spread exhibition of films, said Mayer, provided, quote, invaluable aid to the government and its various propagandas, unquote. The resulting media perception was one that Mayer had desired and sought to manufacture, not only for his micromanaged stars and their image, but also for Hollywood, and that was the perception that they were patriotic. Mayer believed more than anyone that shaping people's perceptions shaped their reality. The use of the perceived threats of communism and Nazism gave the opportunity for this mostly foreign group made up of mainly Eastern European Jews, external threats and ideology to fight against, and in doing so, established themselves as patriotic voices and leaders, rather than the reality of what they were, oppressive mediabearance of the establishment. Exposing this further is the fact that Mayer attempted to censor the motion picture film, Citizen Kane. It is important to note that William Randolph Hearst, the media Baron of the Hearst Corporation, that the film Citizen Kane is based upon was a mentor and friend of Mayer. Interestingly, Hearst's response to Wells came via his newspapers, accusing Wells of communist sympathies and questioning his patriotism. Mayer went so far to offer a bribe payment to RKO Studios of $842,000 in cash, provided that the studio's president, George Schaeffer, would destroy the negative and all prints of Citizen Kane. Whether Mayer was a conduit of Hearst in his bribe attempt hasn't been clarified. Schaeffer, however, refused the offer and in retaliation threatened to sue the Fox, Paramount, and lose theater chains for conspiracy after they all refused to distribute the film. After rival publications to Hearst protested, the theater chains relented slightly and permitted a few showings. In the end, the film barely broke even. Another connection of interest is Mayer's link to the Ku Klux Klan propaganda film The Birth of a Nation. Mayer made his first fortune from the birth of a Nation, the controversial 1915 silent film that glorified the early history of the Ku Klux Klan. The film is based on the Klan's men, a best-selling novel by a Southern Baptist minister who preached racial purity and championed the Confederacy. The film is based on the Klan's men, a well-known writer who was a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a Christian, a tonight I begin to narrate to you a special report of the executive intelligence review entitled The Ugly Truth about the ADL. I want it clearly understood that the hour of the time has stated on many, many occasions that we oppose racism of any kind in any form by anyone. What you're going to discover is that the ADL while calling many, many people anti-Semitic are themselves one of the greatest racist groups that has ever existed upon the face of this earth. On April 14th, 1865, the day President Abraham Lincoln was shot will live forever, ladies and gentlemen, as a day of infamy for American patriots and lovers of freedom all over the world. But for the leadership of the Scottish Ride of Freemasonry and the Order of Benebrieth and its 20th century secret police arm, the Anti-Defamation League, April 14th, 1865, is a day that will be long remembered for a very different reason. The Benebrieth, a pivotable player in the British Freemasonic plot to destroy the Union was implicated in Lincoln's assassination, something that you've never been taught. That fact does not square very well with its long cultivated but totally unwarranted reputation as a Jewish social service organization. Simon Wolf, 1835 to 1923, was the Washington DC lawyer for the Order of Benebrieth during the entire period of the United States Civil War. He would later head the International Order of Benebrieth for many years. In 1862, Wolf was arrested by Lafayette C. Baker, the Chief of Detectives for the City of Washington DC, and later Lincoln's Chief of the United States Secret Service on charges that Wolf was involved in spying and blockade running on behalf of the Confederacy. Baker arrested Wolf, who was the attorney representing a number of Jews accused of spying for the South on the grounds that he was part of a conspiratorial organization working on behalf of the successionist cause behind the lines in the nation's capital. The conspiratorial organization named by Baker was the Benebrieth. Both Baker and United States General Ulesis S. Grant targeted the Order of Benebrieth as a Confederate spy agency. Upon taking command of the Western Front in 1862, General Grant issued order number 11, which expelled all Jews from the military district within 24 hours of its implementation. U.S. Grant was no anti-Semite, ladies and gentlemen. He was reacting to the activities of Benebrieth and leading Confederates like Judah P. Benjamin. Lincoln, however, cognizant of the need to avoid blanket attacks against religious or ethnic groups rescinded the Order. The Civil War was actually engineered and brought about by British intelligence through their arm headed by Albert Pike, the Scottish right of Free Masonry, whose headquarters at that time was in Charleston, South Carolina. In 1987, Benebrieth authorized biography of Simon Wolf by Esther L. Panett's offered the following highly suggestive albeit incomplete description of Wolf's personal relationship with President Lincoln's assassin John Wilkes Booth. Now bear in mind folks that this biography written on the basis of Benebrieth's archives written on the basis of Benebrieth's own archives paints Wolf in the most favorable of lights. The mere fact that the author had to include Wolf's links to Booth and Wolf's earlier arrest as an alleged Confederate spy and blockade runner implies that the actual story is far uglier. I quote from the history of the Benebrieth, Wolf's concern for culture first expressed itself in the formation of a private club devoted to the arts and humanities and frequented by young men avid for learning. We're pride and ambitious his only motives in seeking the intellectual life, clearly, Wolf hoped that if he and his friends would devote themselves to the pursuit of learning, they would deflect the prejudicial statements of their Christian neighbors. Wolf was upset that terms such as money changers, cotton traders, and clothes dealers had become words of reproach. Locally, the groups theatrical productions received a good press. Wolf, who would often play the ghost in Hamlet, our Shylock and the merchant of Venice, bore an uncanny resemblance to John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin. Earlier in Cleveland, Booth had joined Wolf and Piaxado in dramatic performances. Years afterward, Wolf remembered that he had met Booth once again at the Willard Hotel. On the morning of the day, Lincoln was shot. There at the bar, Booth explained that Senator John P. Hale's daughter had just rejected his marriage proposal. Wolf attributed Lincoln's murder to this personal tragedy and Booth's own life. Wolf also recalled that once he sat for a picture entitled, quote, the assassination of President Lincoln, end quote. In his own book, ladies and gentlemen entitled, Presidents I Have Known, Wolf says that he and his longtime acquaintance, John Wilkes Booth, did some drinking together at the Willard Hotel on the day Booth shot Lincoln. Wolf's and a second leading Benabraith figure, Benjamin P. Xodos, dealings with John Wilkes Booth, were hardly cultural. Narcad Wolf have possibly believed that Abraham Lincoln was killed because of John Wilkes Booth's unrequited love affair. Even John Hinckley, the would-be assassin of President Ronald Reagan, was declared insane when he tried to peddle the line that he had tried to kill Ronald Booth because of a full-filed fantasy love affair with actress Joe D. Foster. To understand the circumstances under which Boone Brith's Washington DC leader and one of its founding members were circumstantially tied to the Lincoln assassination conspiracy and explicitly linked to the successionist insurrection against the Union. It is necessary to look briefly at the circumstances under which the order of Benabraith was founded in 1843. Following the American Revolution, the British monarchy and its East India Company, colonists apparatus never for a moment abandoned their commitment to reconquer the lost colonies in North America. Although the military effort at Reconquest in the War of 1812 failed, other efforts to seed the United States with British agents, some drawn from the ranks of anti-Republican Tories who were permitted to retain their citizenship and property in America under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 were more successful. In 1801, the Tory faction of United States Free Masonry, the grouping of Free Masons who had sided with England during the American Revolution opened up shop as the Grand Council of the Princes of Jerusalem, of the Mother Supreme Council, of the Knights Commander, of the House of the Temple of Solomon, of the 33rd degree of the ancient and accepted order of the Scottish right of Free Masonry in the United States. This United States-based British Free Masonic Lodge was chartered in Charleston, South Carolina. The members of this British-led secret society would direct the Confederate successionist insurrection a half-century later, and other Scottish right members would be among the founders of the Bene Berith. They too would be leading Confederates. Apart from the esoteric mission of spreading an explicitly anti-Christian form of Roman pagan worship and occultism among the early generations of American citizens, the Charleston Lodge also sought to build up a network of pro-British merchants, spies, and politicians in both the North and the South, who would one day play a pivotal role in the reconquest. Many of these early Masons became wealthy through their business dealings with the British East India Company and the Dutch West India Company in both the Cotton and the Slave Trade. Among the founding members of the Charleston Scottish right lodge, were many prominent Jews, including Isaac de Costa, Moses Cohen, Israel de Liban, Dr. Isaac Held, Moses Levy, and Moses Piaxoto. Many of these men, ladies and gentlemen, were Sephardic Jews from North Africa or from Spain, who had originally settled in the Caribbean and engaged in the early slave trade. These Jewish Masons set up their organizations, which also maintained actively Aeson to great Britain's powerful Jewish community. The Hebrew Orphanade Society was one such nominally benign group that would produce one of the most rabid successionist leaders, Judah P. Benjamin. Although today, any reports of the Freemasonic roots and structure of Bene Berith are usually greeted with a torrent of allegations of anti-Semitism. Back in the formative years, Bene Berith's own magazine, The Monora, offered the following information about the founders of the group and listened to this very carefully. Quote, their reunions were frequent and several of them being members of existing benevolent societies, especially the order of Freemasons and Odd Fellows. They finally concluded that a somewhat similar organization, but based upon the Jewish idea, would best obtain their object. The Jewish religion has many observances and customs corresponding to the secret societies known to us. The synagogue, for instance, might be compared to a large room. It used to be open twice a day. For a Jew desiring to find a friend, they had but to go there and make themselves known by a certain sign and token. The sign consisted of a grip with a full hand and the magical word Shalom al-Akim. The Masuz on the doorpost was the counter sign. Shima Israel, here O Israel was the password. End quote. Indeed, to this day, all local chapters of the Bene Berith are referred to as lodges, a practiced borrowed whole cloth from the Scottish right. When Moses saw some Jews of this Bene Berith type who tried to make their religion into a pagan secret society, he took the calf, which they had made and burned it in the fire and ground it into powder. And Moses returned onto the Lord and said, oh, this people have sinned a great sin and made them gods of gold. The majority of Jews in America during the first generations following independence were opposed to the idea of a Jewish free Masonic secret society. Most Jews are ordinary people like all of you listening and don't know anything anymore about what's happening in the world than you do. They are lied to, just like you are lied to. They are deceived, just like you are deceived, and they are easily manipulated because throughout the history of the world they have been chosen as the scapegoat, as the enemy. And because of that, they can be easily led by organizations such as Bene Berith and the anti-defamation league. Israel, Joseph Benjamin, a noted European Jew in his memoirs three years in America, 1859 to 62, wrote of the Bene Berith that quote, this is a secret society like the free Mason's with passwords and the like and was quite a new phenomenon for me. Still, I think the existence of such a society not at all necessary, end quote. He was right, ladies and gentlemen. The secret agenda of the Bene Berith, like that of the southern jurisdiction of the Scottish right, was to destroy the union and pave the way for reconquest, the ultimate goal, one world totalitarian socialist government. You see, Bene Berith is not the synagogue. Bene Berith is not Jews. Bene Berith is not Judaism. Bene Berith is just another organ under a different name of the ages old Illuminati, who practiced the ancient mystery religion of Babylon in secret. They call themselves the great white brotherhood, the brotherhood of man, the illumined ones. And if you've listened to our series on mystery Babylon, you know the rest. Two leading Bene Berith allied figures would serve as exemplars of the strategy for permanently dividing the union. One was Judah P. Benjamin and the other August Belmont. Benjamin, who lived from 1811 to 1884, was born in the British West Indies to Sephardic Jewish parents who moved to Charleston, South Carolina in 1927. In 1827, I'm sorry, he was inducted into the Charleston Hebrew Orphanade Society, one of the precursors of the Bene Berith. After attending Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut, he was forced to drop out under a cloud of scandal. Benjamin's surface in New Orleans, where he quickly won the patronage of John Slydel. Slydel, a United States senator who would later play a pivotal role in the Confederacy and sponsored the career of August Belmont, who married Slydel's daughter. With Slydel's assistance, Benjamin became a prominent attorney, even serving for a period of time in the United States attorney for New Orleans. Benjamin gained notoriety for covering up the growing terrorist activities of the Scottish right sponsored nights of the Golden Circle, while serving as the local federal prosecutor. In 1852, Benjamin was elected United States senator, a post he retained until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, when he resigned to serve the Confederacy. Benjamin was the first Confederate Attorney General. He later served as Secretary of War and Secretary of State, ultimately running the Confederate Secret Service on behalf of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. And as the Mossad does today, he used innocent Jews in the North, who were opposed to the dissolution of the Union to furnish information to the intelligence arm of the Confederacy. Judgment, except to England following the defeat of the Confederate Successionist plot, it was Benjamin's Confederate Secret Service, which organized and supervised such figures in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln as John Wilkes Booth and his accomplice John Serrat. Benjamin was charged with sedition for the Lincoln assassination, although he was never brought to trial due to his protectus status in England. With the help of a leading Rothschild political asset in England, Baron Pollock, Benjamin continued his legal career in London. He never abandoned his commitment to subvert and destroy the American Republic. However, as a wealthy lawyer for the British merchant oligarchs, Judah Benjamin collaborated with other exiled Confederate and Masonic strategists in England, such as James D. Bullock and Robert Tumes. Benjamin's continuing preoccupation with the feeding reconstruction is indicated in letters he wrote back to the United States with complaints such as these. Quote, I have always looked with the utmost dread and distrust on the experiment of emancipation so suddenly enforced on the South by the event of the war. God knows how it will all end in quote. And then he went on to say, quote, the South is kept crushed under negro rule. I can never consent to go to New Orleans and break my heart witnessing the rule of Negroes and carpet baggers. Nothing is so abhorrent to me as radicalism which seeks to elevate the populace into the governing class. End quote. And that indeed is the sympathy of all of those who call themselves illumined. You see, we are all nothing but cattle, stupid animals, and they are the only ones who have truly mature minds and thus are the only ones with the right to rule. The Ku Klux Klan, none of you were ever taught this but it's the truth. The Ku Klux Klan, KKK, was founded in Tennessee in the late 1860s by the Southern Scottish Right Leadership under Albert Pike. The KKK drew its membership from the pre-civil war nights of the Golden Circle. Judah P. Benjamin's early role in sponsoring and protecting both the knights of the Golden Circle and the Ku Klux Klan offers a crucial insight into the Benay Brith. ADL's later role in fostering the revival of the KKK and the post-World War II period. We shall return to that sorted tale, ladies and gentlemen, later in this series of broadcasts. Another Rothchild and Benay Brith ally who enjoyed the political patronage of Ark Confederate John Slydale, Augusta Belmont, was Judah Benjamin's Northern counterpart, a private secretary to the British House of Rothchild who arrived in New York City from London in 1837. Belmont rose to the chairmanship of the Democratic Party, a position he held for 20 years. Belmont was a leading advocate of free trade and states' rights, both cornerstones of the British reconquest scheme. Prior to his emergence as a leading figure in the National Democratic Party, Belmont worked closely with the Charleston South Carolina, Benay Brith, in foaming radicalism among Americans youth. The effort was in this case run directly by the mother lodge of the Scottish Right in England, then under the command of Britain's Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston. At Belmont's behest, Charleston's Benay Brith leader, Edwin D'Lion, wrote a pamphlet in the early 1850s entitled, The Position and Duties of Young American. D'Lion, whose family were slave traders, Benay Brith founders, and later leading Confederates, peddled free trade and openly advocated a strong Anglo-American alliance. While by today's standards, the appeal for a strong Anglo-American alliance may seem palatable to some, back in the middle of the 19th century, this was borderline treason. Ladies and gentlemen, the phone is ringing off the wall as the fanatics try to get through to deny this. It is the truth. The original research was done by the executive intelligence review. Caggy has duplicated the research down to the T to make sure that this material is true, and it is absolutely 100% legitimate and historical truth from beginning to end. And that's why the Ed L and Benay Brith has never sued the executive intelligence review over this report. Belmonte Young American members were among the draft rioters and radical abolitionists who disrupted Lincoln's Union war mobilization to the benefit of the Confederacy and England. During the early phase of the Civil War, England tried repeatedly to intervene into the conflict with ceasefire plans that would have ensured the permanent dissolution of the Union. During the Civil War itself, while the majority of American Jews sided with the North, make sure you understand this, folks, so you know that this is not a racist or anti-Semitic program or report. The majority of American Jews sided with the North and fought valiantly to preserve the Union. The Benay Brith was predominantly pro-Confederate, even in New York City, the lodges preached succession. The Baltimore Hebrew congregation founded by Dutch Jews who made their money in the slave trade, heard sermons by Rabbi Morris Raphael and the following. And he said this, quote, Who can blame our brethren of the South for their being inclined to succeed from a society under whose government their ends cannot be attained and whose union is kept together by heavy iron ties of violence and arbitrary force? Who can blame our brethren of the South for succeeding from a society whose government cannot and will not protect property rights and privileges of a great portion of the Union. In quote, following the Civil War and the assassination of President Lincoln, many of the Jewish slave and cotton traders from the South typified by the Lehman Brothers moved to New York City and became prominent in Wall Street banking and stock brokerages. With the defeat of President Lincoln's reconstruction program following his assassination, President Andrew Johnson pardoned the Scottish right insurrectionists. Now listen to this closely, President Andrew Johnson pardoned the Scottish right insurrectionists, including General Albert Pike and accepted a rank of 30-second degree in the Southern Jurisdiction Freemasons. That was his reward. Suspected Lincoln assassination plotter Simon Wolf was also absolved of any criminal culpability for his wartime activities. Only non-Freemasons and non-Benei-Brieth were prosecuted for the crimes they committed during the Civil War. The legacy of British Freemasonic treachery against the Union survived intact, including the Benei-Brieth. Although the slave trade, nominally was banned in the United States as a result of Lincoln's emancipation proclamation, a new form of slavery had already been launched by the British East India Company and its Scottish right directors, including the same Lord Palmerston, who had played so pivotal a role in the successionist insurrection. The new form of slavery was drugs, opium. Henry Carey, one of the architects of Abraham Lincoln's Reconstruction Program and a leading proponent of the American system of political economy, warned about Britain's opium war against China and India in his 1853 book, The Slave Trade Domestic and Foreign. Get the book and read it. He described the trade in quote that pernicious drug opium, end quote, as quote one of perfect free trade end quote. Defeated in the successionist insurrectionist plot, Britain and its fifth column of agents in both the North and the South would eventually regroup around a strategy for running an opium war against the United States. As the reader will learn in later chapters, the Benei-Brieth and its anti-deformation league secret lodge played a central role in the drugging of America. Joseph McCarthy came to prominence in the 1950s. His eventual successful Senate campaign was dog by a smear campaign, which was later revealed to be partly projection from McCarthy. One of McCarthy's attacks included claims of war profiteering by his opponent. McCarthy himself made a fortune from stock market investments during the Second World War. It is still unclear exactly where McCarthy acquired the investment capital to make such investments. McCarthy's campaign funds came from out of state and amounted to 10 times that raised by his political opposition. McCarthy Ironically, McCarthy benefited from McCommionist Party Vendetta against his opponent and helped him win the race. McCarthy ran a hawkish pro-military platform, adopting the moniker, tail gunner, referring to his military service that assisted in creating a patriotic and no nonsense persona. McCarthy's first three years in the Senate were unremarkable. He was a popular speaker, invited by many different organizations covering a wide range of topics. His aides and many in the Washington social circles described him as charming and friendly, and he was a popular guest at cocktail parties. He was far less well-liked among fellow senators, however, who found him quick-tempered and prone to impatience and even rage. Outside of a small circle of colleagues, he was soon an isolated figure in the Senate. Joseph McCarthy was only 40 in 1950 when he came to wheeling. He was not a well-regarded senator at that time. He had a penchant for calling his fellow senators names. He was always a rather rumpled head and edge to him, but he was at the height of his power in a sense. He had a photographic memory. He was a very bright man. Unfortunately, he also tended to lie about a lot of things. He made up his own resume, a lot of which was not true. He had been elected to the Senate in 1946. He was coming up for re-election in 1952, and this was 1950, and a lot of people felt he hadn't done a lot, and he was getting a little concerned. So he got a group of advisors together in the colony in DC, one of which was a Jesuit priest from Georgetown. He said, what can I run on? I need an issue. And the Jesuit priest pushed very much anti-communism traders in the government, so that was kind of the basis for his hitting on a theme for his re-election campaign. You may have heard of the red scare of the 1950s, the fear stoked by Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy that communists had infested the federal government. But a panic of a different shade, led to a much wider purge of gay employees that long outlasted McCarthy's tenure. David K. Johnson is the author of the definitive history of what's come to be known as the lavender scare. What is the lavender scare? I describe it as a fear, right? A fear that permeated cold war political culture. The fear that the gay people were threatened to national security, that they had infiltrated the federal government, and that they needed to be systematically removed from government service. The rooting out of homosexual employees became official policy, with an executive order signed by newly elected president Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. Between five and 10,000 people were fired or resigned, and we'll never know how many didn't pursue their dreams for